Volume 10, Issue 4 (2019)
JMBS 2019, 10(4): 665-671 |
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Daraei B, Sahraei E, Aghazadeh E. Investigation of Methamphetamine as a Stimulant with Side Effects and Methods of Synthesis and Impurities in any Way. JMBS 2019; 10 (4) :665-671
URL: http://biot.modares.ac.ir/article-22-15576-en.html
URL: http://biot.modares.ac.ir/article-22-15576-en.html
1- Toxicology Department, Medical Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat modares university, Tehran, Iran, Tarbiat Modares University, Nasr Bridge, Jalal-Al-Ahmad Highway, Tehran, Iran. Postal Code: 1411713116 , bdaraei@modares.ac.ir
2- Toxicology Department, Medical Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat modares university, Tehran, Iran
2- Toxicology Department, Medical Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat modares university, Tehran, Iran
Abstract: (5434 Views)
The stimulants are materials that increase alertness and reduce physical and mental fatigue. These drugs increase the activity of excitatory receptors and reduce the activity of inhibitory receptors in the central nervous system. Methamphetamine, also known as crystal, is a psychoactive substance. This drug is stimulating nerves and by a direct effect on the brain, mechanisms cause joy and excitement in people. Methamphetamine in low to moderate doses (5 to 30 mg) causes euphoria; excitement, increased heart rate, and blood pressure, mydriasis, increased body temperature and decrease appetite. High but non-lethal doses of methamphetamine cause mental disorders and psychotic symptoms, seizures, and rhabdomyolysis. Cardiovascular toxicity of methamphetamine-induced hypertension, arrhythmia, acute coronary syndrome and ischemic ventricular. The most important cellular mechanisms involved in the damage caused by Methamphetamine are oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and mitochondrial damage. The synthesis of methamphetamine in illegal workshops mainly of six methods which are based on the raw materials are divided into two groups. Raw materials in the synthesis of methamphetamine are ephedrine and phenyl propanol. In reduction, methods involve Birch reduction, Nagai and hydrogenation Rosenmund ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are used as raw material, in Lockhart methods and amination reduction methods based on phenyl propanol as raw material.
Article Type: Review |
Subject:
Agricultural Biotechnology
Received: 2017/09/17 | Accepted: 2018/10/9 | Published: 2019/12/19
Received: 2017/09/17 | Accepted: 2018/10/9 | Published: 2019/12/19
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